How China came to make everything: in 2001 it sold Europe cheap goods and bought Europe's machines; by 2015 a plan called Made in China 2025 aimed at robots, electric cars and green technology. Prudence: out-Germanying Germany, says one analyst. The Toll Keeper: one toll remains, Europe's 500 million high-spending shoppers.
Europe's trade with China turned lopsided in stages: after China joined the WTO in 2001 the two were complementary, China selling cheap consumer goods and buying Europe's machinery, luxury goods and cars; then Chinese solar panels, aluminium and steel battered European producers, and in 2015 'Made in China 2025' set out to dominate robotics, electric cars and green technology, which one analyst calls out-Germanying Germany; Europe's remaining leverage, a former ambassador says, is its 500 million high-spending consumers, and it is not in China's interest to have two open fronts at once.
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China's 'Self-Reliance' Focus Hurts Trade With E.U.
Newspaper business section · Oct 11, 2026
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